British psychiatrist and author John Bowlby believed that mental health and behavioural issues could be attributed to early childhood. Bowlby developed the theory of attachment, still used today, which suggests that children are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others due to the need for security and safety. By attachment we essentially mean bond.
He indicated that an infant may initially create only one attachment and that attachment figure acts as a secure base for exploring the world. The attachment relationship acts as a prototype for all future social relationships.
Maternal deprivation theory suggests three main types of attachment, which are based on a child relationship with their primary care giver.
The three main attachment types are:
- Secure – The child is given a positive working model and the carer is emotionally available, sensitive and supportive.
- Avoidant – The child’s working model is one of worthlessness. The carer is rejecting.
- Resistant – The child has a negative self-image and exaggerated emotional responses for attention. The carer is inconsistent.
In the most secure attachment scenario, a child will grow to be comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationships, will likely be self-confident and able to resolve conflict constructively. This is because a secure base had been created for the child to then explore their world.
Avoidant attachment is where a child is rejected and unloved. The child may develop behaviours and relationships which are needy, overly involved and dependant on others for self-worth. There may also be a dependence on others but avoidance of intimacy due to fear of rejection.
In extreme resistant attachment, a child may be dismissive of relationships, growing into compulsive self-reliance and dismissive of the importance of intimate relationships.
Why is it important to know about attachment theory? Simply because it tells us that establishing a positive and strong relationship with your child is essential for their growth. It can also give some insight into why you are the way you are.
